![]() ![]() This allowed a tank commander to obtain a 360-degree field of view without moving his seat, including rear vision by engaging the extra prism. Gundlach and Vickers 360-degree periscopesĪn important development, the Gundlach rotary periscope, incorporated a rotating top with a selectable additional prism which reversed the view. ![]() Periscopes may also be referred to by slang, e.g. In this context a periscope refers to a device that can rotate to provide a wider field of view (or is fixed into an assembly that can), while an episcope is fixed into position. In the context of armoured fighting vehicles, such as tanks, a periscopic vision device may also be referred to as an episcope. This prevents a potential ingress point for small arms fire, with only a small difference in vision height, but still requires the armour to be cut. A compact periscope inside the protectoscope allows the vision slit to be blanked off with spaced armoured plate. Periscopes permit view outside of the vehicle without needing to cut these weaker vision openings in the front and side armour, better protecting the vehicle and occupants.Ī protectoscope is a related periscopic vision device designed to provide a window in armoured plate, similar to a direct vision slit. Prior to periscopes, direct vision slits were cut in the armour for occupants to see out. Tanks and armoured vehicles use periscopes: they enable drivers, tank commanders, and other vehicle occupants to inspect their situation through the vehicle roof. Ī team of German artillery observers using periscope binoculars, 1943 Some of them also allowed estimating the distance to a target, as they were designed as stereoscopic rangefinders. The periscope rifle also saw use during the war – this was an infantry rifle sighted by means of a periscope, so the shooter could aim and fire the weapon from a safe position below the trench parapet.ĭuring World War II (1939–1945), artillery observers and officers used specifically-manufactured periscope binoculars with different mountings. Periscopes, in some cases fixed to rifles, served in World War I (1914–1918) to enable soldiers to see over the tops of trenches, thus avoiding exposure to enemy fire (especially from snipers). ![]() Morgan Robertson (1861–1915) claimed to have tried to patent the periscope: he described a submarine using a periscope in his fictional works. Sir Howard Grubb perfected the device in World War I. Simon Lake used periscopes in his submarines in 1902. In 1854, Hippolyte Marié-Davy invented the first naval periscope, consisting of a vertical tube with two small mirrors fixed at each end at 45°. Hevelius saw military applications for his invention. Johannes Hevelius described an early periscope (which he called a "polemoscope") with lenses in 1647 in his work Selenographia, sive Lunae descriptio. If the two telescopes have different individual magnification, the difference between them causes an overall magnification or reduction. ![]() The overall design of the classical submarine periscope is very simple: two telescopes pointed into each other. More complex periscopes using prisms or advanced fiber optics instead of mirrors and providing magnification operate on submarines and in various fields of science. Military personnel also use periscopes in some gun turrets and in armoured vehicles. This form of periscope, with the addition of two simple lenses, served for observation purposes in the trenches during World War I. In its simplest form, it consists of an outer case with mirrors at each end set parallel to each other at a 45° angle. The left one uses an erecting prism whereas the right uses an erecting lens and a second image plane.Ī periscope is an instrument for observation over, around or through an object, obstacle or condition that prevents direct line-of-sight observation from an observer's current position. The two periscopes differ in the way they erect the image. The periscope on the left uses mirrors whereas the right uses prisms.Ĭ Observer's eye Principle of the lens periscope. For other uses, see Periscope (disambiguation). ![]()
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